Background and Objective: Detailed characterization of bio-physical resources in agricultural landscapes and documenting locally used soil fertility management practices is required for developing site-specific management scenarios in the study area. Between 1976 and 1985, the government constructed 600,000 kilometers of agricultural embankments on cultivated land and 470,000 kilometers of hillside terraces, and it closed 80,000 hectares of steep slopes for regeneration. [25], Both the imperial and the Marxist governments tried to improve livestock production by instituting programs such as free vaccination, well-digging, construction of feeder roads, and improvement of pastureland, largely through international organizations such as the World Bank and the African Development Bank. Resultantly there has been significant uptake of resistant wheat varieties among Ethiopian farmers since 2014. Adigrat University, College of Agriculture, Department of Animal Production and Technology, Adgrat, Tigray, Ethiopia Address: Adigrat University, P.O.Box 50 Abstract: Ethiopia is endowed with diverse cattle genetic resources adapted to various local environmental conditions and acquired unique features. Since then, export earnings from this sector have grown to about US$65 million in 200607 and are projected to double over the next few years. Textile and apparel manufacturing and equipment. Agriculture >. Corn is grown chiefly between elevations of 1,500 and 2,200 meters and requires large amounts of rainfall to ensure good harvests. Agriculture accounts for most of (30-42%)t of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the country. Production Efficiency and Agricultural Technologies in the Ethiopian Agriculture Introduction Inability to produce adequate food is the major problem of most less developed countries (LDCS). [7] According to the Central Statistical Agency (CSA), in 2008 the average Ethiopian farmer holds 1.2 hectares of land, with 55.13% of them holding less than 1.0 hectare. Characteristics of agricultural landscape features and local soil fertility management practices in Northwestern Amhara, Ethiopia. Causes and Characteristics of Drought in Ethiopia. Ethiopia's agriculture is plagued by periodic drought, soil degradation[1] caused by overgrazing, deforestation, high levels of taxation and poor infrastructure (making it difficult and expensive to get goods to market). According to Infomineo (2016), the key agricultural sectors in Ethiopia are the following: Coffee & tea; Ethiopia has a great potential for coffee production, thanks to the country's abundant rainfall, optimum temperatures, conducive altitude, and fertile soil. Ethiopia follows the Julian calendar consisting of 12 months of 30 days each and a 13th month of 5 or 6 days. juice processing, milling machines, extruders for soybean oil). It is roughly 7 and a half years behind the Gregorian calendar. Agriculture is the backbone of the economy of the country as the following facts indicate. landholdings are tiny, fragmented and unsuitable for modern methods of agriculture. In the highlands, oxen provided draft power in crop production. In addition, the ten-year development plan aims at boosting agricultural export revenues and substituting imports by reducing production costs. The Blue Nile from Ethiopia originating form Lake Tana and the White Nile that originated form Lake Victoria merge into the Great Nile River at Khartoum, the Sudan capital to form the longest river of the world draining to the Mediterranean Sea.The Blue Nile Falls is one . In addition, increased peasant consumption caused shortages of food items such as teff, wheat, corn, and other grains in urban areas. Research on the constraints, characteristics, and performance of the enterprise sector in low-income countries is often constrained by scarcity . The economic plan prescribes the following comprehensive measures to overcome the challenges facing the agricultural sector: Enhance productivity of small-holder farmers and pastoralists through provision of modern inputs and services; Develop a legal framework that will allow farmers to lease land and to become shareholders in large commercial farms; Modernize livestock production through improving veterinary infrastructure, research and innovation, and establishing linkages with other industries; Establish effective linkages between agriculture producers and commodity markets as well as the commercial value chain; Encourage private sector investment in agricultural R&D and exploring PPPs to expand medium and large-scale irrigation infrastructure; and. Area, Production and Farm Management Practices (Private Peasant Holdings, Belg Season) 2020/2021 (2013 E.C.) ", Table D.2. For instance, the 198485 official procurement price for 100 kilograms of teff was 42 birr at the farm level and 60 birr when the AMC purchased it from wholesalers. [7], President Mengistu's 1990 decision to allow free movement of goods, to lift price controls, and to provide farmers with security of tenure was designed to reverse the decline in Ethiopia's agricultural sector. NEED FOR A SPECIFIC TREATMENT OF AGRICULTURE . At the moment, there are a few U.S. and foreign firms that have partnered with local companies in the milk business, which has considerable room for growth, as milk consumption is still very low. Agriculture accounted for 50% of GDP, 83.9% of exports, and 80% of the labor force in 2006 and 2007, compared to 44.9%, 76.9% and 80% in 20022003, and agriculture remains the Ethiopian economy's most important sector. [7], The plains and low foothills west of the highlands have sandy and gray-to-black clay soils. Grain is an essential part of the Ethiopian diet. ", Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research website, "National Growth and Transformation Plan", "Ethiopia's transforming wheat landscape: tracking variety use through DNA fingerprinting", "Press release: Rust-resistant bread wheat varieties widely adopted in Ethiopia, study shows CGIAR Research Program on WHEAT", "Livestock Sample Survey (AgLVS 2006), version 1.0", USGC Reps Meet With Ethiopian Feed Industry to Assess Market Barriers, "Ethiopia, 2013 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor", "Transhumance in the Tigray highlands (Ethiopia)", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Ethiopia&oldid=1140777650, This page was last edited on 21 February 2023, at 19:04. Sandy desert soils cover much of the arid lowlands in the northeast and in the Ogaden of southeastern Ethiopia. To evaluate the genetic diversity of Ethiopian potato cultivars, and to assess their relationship with germplasm from North America, Europe and the International Potato Center (CIP), 8303 SNP markers were used to characterize 44 local Ethiopian cultivars, as well as . 2. Most oilseeds are raised by small-scale farmers, but sesame was also grown by large-scale commercial farms before the era of land reform and the nationalization of agribusiness. When you select "Accept all cookies," you're agreeing to let your browser store that data on your device so that we can provide you with a better, more relevant experience. Similarly, the area of cultivation increased from 22,600 hectares in 197475 to 33,900 hectares in 198485.[7]. As reviewed from different literatures household demographic characteristics, household resource endowments, social, cultural, infrastructural, institutional and economic factors influence the . Section D. The government's price controls and the AMC's operations had led to the development of different price systems at various levels. The plough shaft, beam and ploughshare are made of wood and the sickle, pick axe, plow are made of metal. fINTENSIVE FARMING. Additional investment opportunities are expected in the textile and garment sector as well as cotton production. Over 60% of Ethiopian coffee is produced as forest coffee . Ensete flour constitutes the staple food of the local people. Food production had consistently declined throughout the 1980s. But in the northern highlands, where title to farm land was shared amongst members of descent groups, many people resisted land reform. Agriculture accounts for most of (30- 42%) of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the country. [10], Until the 1974 revolution, Ethiopia had a complex land tenure system, which some have described as feudal. The major binding constraints of the sector are insufficient yields due to inefficient provision of inputs and services, unclear land lease rights, limited investment in R&D and irrigation, marketing and logistics related problems, and lack of agriculture-specific financial services. Jorge Morales Pedraza. Ethiopia sources cotton mainly from India and other international suppliers. [8], During the imperial period, the development of the agricultural sector was retarded by a number of factors, including tenancy and land reform problems, the government's neglect of the agricultural sector (agriculture received less than 2 percent of budget allocations even though the vast majority of the population depended on agriculture), low productivity, and lack of technological development. Section D. The chicken business also shows promising opportunities. <i>Methods</i>. Due to physical, economic and social factors the. An estimated 85 percent of the population are engaged in agricultural production. Mengistu and his advisers believed that state farms would produce grain for urban areas, raw materials for domestic industry, and also increase production of cash crops such as coffee to generate badly needed foreign exchange. The data from 460 sheep were used for the determination of morphometric characterization while 110 male sheep and 150 females were used to characterize the reproductive performance of Blackhead Somali sheep breeds. The country, therefore, is expected to import wheat and soybeans in the coming years. The soil was equilibrated with pH 7.5 buffer solution whereby reserve H is brought into the solution, which results in depression of pH which will be made and . Only 15 percent of the roads are paved; this is a problem particularly in the highlands, where there are two rainy seasons causing many roads to be unusable for weeks at a time. Public Communication Directorate Tel: +251-116-454441 Fax:+251-116-461294/465412 E-Mail:eiar@eiar.gov.et P.O.Box: 2003 Addis Ababa Ethiopia , Designed & Developed By Yonas T/birhan Section D. Commercial agriculture using the river basins, such as the Awash Basin, is a recent phenomenon. Major Rivers of Ethiopia Water resources. Except in Tigray region, the pilot agro-industrial parks have launched operations. [7], Although the issue of land reform was not addressed until the Ethiopian Revolution in 1974, the government had tried to introduce programs to improve the condition of farmers. Because of low rainfall, these soils have limited agricultural potential, except in some areas where rainfall is sufficient for the growth of natural forage at certain times of the year. Agriculture in Ethiopia is the foundation of the country's economy, accounting for half of gross domestic product (GDP), 83.9% of exports, and 80% of total employment.. Ethiopia's agriculture is plagued by periodic drought, soil degradation caused by overgrazing, deforestation, high levels of taxation and poor infrastructure (making it difficult and expensive to get goods to market). Cookies on OCLC websites. Despite the emphasis on state farms, state farm production accounted for only 6% of total agricultural output in 1987 (although meeting 65% of urban needs), leaving peasant farmers responsible for over 90% of production. The Homegrown economic reform plan identified structural and institutional bottlenecks affecting the agricultural sector in Ethiopia. Agriculture in the Lake Tana Sub-Basin of Ethiopia -- 24. There are also expanding opportunities for grocery sales to retail and wholesale outlets that are starting to spring up all over Addis Ababa. Facing a Foreign Trade AD/CVD or Safeguard Investigation? Ethiopias cotton production is insufficient to meet the growing demand from the textile and apparel sector. Brighter Green, 2. These areas are used by pastoralists who move back and forth in the area following the availability of pasture for their animals. Source: Source: USDA/Foreign Agriculture Service, Addis Ababa, Total Market Size = (Total Local Production + Total Imports) (Total Exports). Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. Where the topography permits, they are suitable for farming. However, the expected level was not achieved. In 198182, out of the AMC's purchases of 257,000 tons of grain, Gojjam accounted for 32 percent of the purchases, and Arsi, Shewa, and Gonder accounted for 23%, 22%, and 10%, respectively. Commercial Imports from the United States, Source: USDA/Foreign Agriculture Service, Addis Ababa, (Total market size = (total local production + imports) - exports). Overview. [7], Wheat stem rust threatens the Ethiopian harvest every year and recently that especially means Ug99. [27], Most of Ethiopia's estimated 48 million sheep and goats are raised by small farmers who used them as a major source of meat and cash income. D. espite the countr. The GOE, as part of its Livestock Master Plan (LMP), intends to transform this sector and increase production and exports of meat in order to generate foreign exchange. Ploughing the land using these tools is ambiguous and time-consuming. While by 1988 a total of 3600 Service Cooperatives were serving 4.4 million households and almost 4000 Producer cooperatives comprising 302,600 households had been founded, in that year they represented only 5.5% of national cereal production. Ethiopia aims to reach lower-middle-income status by 2025. The reforms success in supporting Ethiopias economic growth in part depends on the development of the agro-processing sector (e.g. However, opponents of villagization argued that the scheme was disruptive to agricultural production because the government moved many farmers during the planting and harvesting seasons. With respect to increasing productivity, the GOE, alongside its international partners, has made a number of interventions to support the development of the agriculture sector. The market is segmented by type into food crops, fruits, and vegetables. [7], Pulses are the second most important element in the national diet and a principal protein source. Flaxseed, also indigenous, is cultivated in the same general area as Niger seed. By 1989, the area covered by the State Farms had grown to a total of 220,000 hectares. Among the popular games on the grasslands, football (introduced via schools) tends to replace the traditional qarsa game. In fact, Ethiopia recently started importing chicken meat from Ukraine and Brazil. [7], The objectives of villagization included grouping scattered farming communities throughout the country into small village clusters, promoting rational land use, conserving resources, providing access to clean water and to health and education services, and strengthen security. But with proper drainage and conditioning, these soils have excellent agricultural potential. Ethiopia is home to one of the largest livestock populations in Africa. A potential exists for self-sufficiency in grains and for export development in livestock, grains, vegetables, and fruits. Furthermore, cropping has become more intensive and needs more labour; the establishment of exclosures and the expansion of cropland have led to less grazing grounds. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Agriculture, which constituted 46 percent of GDP and more than 80 percent of exports, is by far the most important economic activity in the Ethiopian economy. Agriculture. Grain imports are almost exclusively limited to wheat, nearly all of which the GOEs state-trading arm (i.e., Ethiopian Trading Business Corporation) purchases off the international market and later distributes in the local market at a subsidized price. A lock ( A locked padlock ) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. It began with the domestication of crops and animals. [24] As Ethiopia increasingly experiences the effects of climate change, drought, and desertification, experts predict that "Ethiopia will have to open its markets to grain imports in order to keep up with the growing demand for meat, milk, and eggs.". The clearing of land for agricultural use and the cutting of trees for fuel gradually changed the scene, and today forest areas have dwindled to less than 4% of Ethiopia's total land. Matou, P., Y. Todo, et al. With about 117 million people (2021), Ethiopia is the second most populous nation in Africa after Nigeria, and still the fastest growing economy in the region, with 6.3% growth in FY2020/21. Brighter Green, 6. Regional Agricultural Research Centers (RARCs) under the respective regional bureaus of agriculture. "Agriculture" (and subsections), updated with latest figures from the CSA. Skip to Article Content; Skip to Article Information; Search within. Tenant farmers in southern Ethiopia, where the average tenancy was as high as 55% and rural elites exploited farmers, welcomed the land reform. Resembling the banana but bearing an inedible fruit, the plant produces large quantities of starch in its underground rhizome and an above-ground stem that can reach a height of several meters. Overall, the economic reform plan sets out required strategic interventions to increase agricultural productivity and modernization of agriculture in the next 10 years. [17], Although varying from region to region, the role of livestock in the Ethiopian economy was greater than the figures suggest. The food deficit estimate for the 198589 period indicated that production averaged about 6 million tons while demand reached about 10 million tons, thus creating an annual deficit of roughly 4 million tons. Oilseeds of lesser significance include castor beans, rapeseed, peanuts, and safflower and sunflower seeds. Examining the characteristics of stakeholders in Lake Tana Sub-basin resource use, management and Governance -- 21. Pulses were a particularly important export item before the revolution. Volume II, Report on Livestock and Livestock Characteristics. The importance of smallholder farming is increasingly recognized in rural areas where increased crop productivity and market participation can effectively improve their dietary diversity and nutrition quality. In fact, the Ethiopia Investment Commission considers the textile and garment sector as a strategic sector. To that end, the government has made significant investments in cotton production in order to support manufacturing, including the recent establishment of industrial zones, and has gone to great lengths to provide incentives to attract foreign manufacturers to set up operations in the country. The Ethiopian Fruit and Vegetable Marketing Enterprise, which handled about 75 percent of Ethiopia's exports of fruits and vegetables in 198485, had to receive government subsidies because of losses. <i>Objective</i>. Primarily, growth in the market should reach 8.1 percent per year during this time frame. Their resistance to this change increased when Zemecha members campaigned for collectivization of land and oxen. The government and the international community are working together to address many of these challenges. The government mobilized farmers and organized "food for work" projects to build terraces and plant trees. In 1971 the Ministry of Agriculture introduced the Minimum Package Program (MPP) to bring about economic and social changes. For this reason, some environmental experts maintain that large-scale conservation work in Ethiopia has been ineffective. [5] Ethiopia's livestock population is believed to be the largest in Africa, and in 20062007 livestock accounted for 10.6% of Ethiopia's export income, with leather and leather products making up 7.5% and live animals 3.1%. It purchased grain from peasant associations at fixed prices. [27], Poultry farming is widely practiced in Ethiopia; almost every farmstead keeps some poultry for consumption and for cash sale. After the 1975 land reform, peasants began withholding grain from the market to drive up prices because government price-control measures had created shortages of consumer items. Ethiopias commercial red meat (beef, mutton and goat) industry has made remarkable progress to date and shows considerable growth potential for the future. Despite this potential, however, Ethiopian agriculture has remained underdeveloped. . [7], By the mid-1960s, many sectors of Ethiopian society favored land reform. Our web pages use cookiesinformation about how you interact with the site. It has also enjoyed a considerable attention by the government. Agriculture. 3. fruit crops, stimulant crops and sugar cane are cultivated by farmers and other agricultural sectors in Ethiopia. The market for agriculture in Ethiopia is projected to register a CAGR of 5.4% during the forecast period, 2021-2026). Among the top priorities identified by the GOE include: small and large-scale irrigation development, financing agricultural inputs, increasing productivity of crops and livestock, improving agricultural production methods using mechanization, post-harvest loss reduction, developing a research-based food security system, and natural resource management. [23], However, herding cattle is one of the agricultural activities that resorts to indentured labor and particularly child labor according to the U.S. Department of Labor. [7], Most agricultural producers are subsistence farmers with small holdings, often broken into several plots. In addition, it is hoped that the number of key crops are doubled from 18.1m metric to 39.5m metric tonnes. To show other various factors (political, policy, cultural, religious, affected crop production and productivity in Ethiopia. Over the centuries, deforestation, overgrazing, and practices such as cultivation of slopes not suited to agriculture have eroded the soil, a situation that worsened considerably during the 1970s and 1980s, especially in Eritrea, Tigray, and parts of Gondar and Wollo. The AMC was a government agency whose objective was to influence the supply and price of crops. Ethiopia has considerable potential for producing cotton. Productivity and technology. University students led the land reform movement and campaigned against the government's reluctance to introduce land reform programs and the lack of commitment to integrated rural development. Ethiopia's crop agriculture is complex, involving substantial variation in crops grown across the country's different regions and ecologies. The agricultural sector is subject to periodic drought, and poor infrastructure constrains the production and marketing of Ethiopia's products. It is cultivated principally by the Gurage, Sidama, and several other ethnic groups in the region. "National Statistical Abstract. [14], The most important cash crop in Ethiopia was coffee. A couple of U.S. investors have also entered the market. The pilot areas selected for establishment of the Agro-Industrial Parks are mainly based on the potential of existing agricultural resources and allied sectors, infrastructure, and facilities. Agricultural production has been highly dependent on natural resources for centuries [].However, increased human population and other factors have degraded the natural resources in the country thus seriously threatening sustainable agriculture and food security [2, 3]. To examine the current situation on the use of agricultural technologies by . [7] Abstract The objective of this study was to perform causality tests between agriculture and the rest of the economy using a Granger (1969) causality test procedure. Agriculture as a producer of positive externalities and public goods 2 2.4. In early 1989, for example, the price of one kilogram/US$0.58; of coffee was by June it had dropped to US$0.32. During the same period (197387), population increased at an average annual rate of 2.6 percent (2.4 percent for 198087). But the same quantity of teff retailed at 81 birr at food stores belonging to the urban dwellers' associations (kebeles) in Addis Ababa and sold for as much as 181 birr in the open market. The GOE is focusing on expanding chicken meat production in order to reduce the countrys longstanding dependence on the livestock sector, minimize the sectors environmental footprint, and provide more affordable protein to the masses. Ethiopia's economy is based on agriculture, which accounts for 46% of GDP and 85% of total employment. [7], During the imperial era, the government failed to implement widespread conservation measures, largely because the country's complex land tenure system stymied attempts to halt soil erosion and improve the land. 2. Lake Tana Subbasin's Economy and The Role of Natural Resources -- 22. By 1974 the Ministry of Agriculture's Extension and Project Implementation Department had more than twenty-eight areas with more than 200 extension and marketing centers. [30] These tools includes sickle, pick axe, plough shaft, ploughshare, plow, beam and animal force as a machines. Ethiopia has an extremely diverse topography, climate, culture, population distribution and market access. Milk and dairy processing, and supporting equipment and systems. The agricultural production sector is a backbone of the Ethiopian economy. "Agriculture" (and subsections). Grains - Grains are the most important field crops and the main element in the diet of most Ethiopians. Kassaye Tolassa . Per capita meat consumption was high by developing countries' standards, an estimated thirteen kilograms annually. SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS OF AGRICULTURE 2 2.1. Additionally, camels provide pastoralists in those areas with milk and meat. The MPP included credit for the purchase of items such as fertilizers, improved seeds, and pesticides; innovative extension services; the establishment of cooperatives; and the provision of infrastructure, mainly water supply and all-weather roads.

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